Business Continuity ESG Blog

Fire Safety Training for Commercial Real Estate Staff and Tenants

Written by William Tygart | 1/19/25 4:09 PM

Fire safety is of utmost importance in any commercial real estate (CRE) environment. Not only does it protect the lives of tenants and staff, but it also plays a crucial role in minimizing property damage and ensuring business continuity. Effective fire safety training can significantly reduce downtime and disruptions caused by fire incidents, allowing businesses to resume operations quickly1. This report delves into the essential elements of fire safety training in CRE settings, encompassing fire prevention, evacuation procedures, and the proper use of fire extinguishers.

Fire Prevention in CRE Properties

Effective fire safety starts with proactive prevention measures. CRE properties often present unique fire hazards due to their diverse occupancy, complex infrastructure, and potential for high occupant density3. Implementing a robust fire prevention strategy is essential to minimize risks and maintain a safe environment for all occupants.

Common Causes of Fires in CRE Buildings

Understanding the common causes of fires in CRE buildings is crucial for developing targeted prevention measures. Some of the most frequent causes include:

  • Electrical Issues: Faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, and outdated electrical systems can lead to electrical fires3. Regular inspections and maintenance by qualified professionals are essential to identify and address potential electrical hazards.
  • Human Error: Carelessness, negligence, and improper use of equipment can contribute to fire incidents3. For example, leaving cooking equipment unattended, improper disposal of flammable materials, and neglecting safety protocols can all increase fire risks.
  • Cooking Equipment: In properties with kitchens or food service areas, cooking equipment poses a significant fire hazard4. Grease buildup, unattended cooking, and proximity of flammable materials to heat sources can lead to kitchen fires.
  • Heating Equipment: Malfunctioning heating systems, especially during colder months, can overheat and ignite nearby materials4. Regular maintenance and inspections of heating equipment are crucial to prevent fires.
  • Arson: Deliberate fire-setting is a serious concern in CRE properties3. Implementing security measures such as surveillance systems, access control, and proper lighting can help deter arsonists.

Fire Prevention Measures for CRE Properties

CRE property owners and managers should implement a comprehensive fire prevention plan that includes the following measures, categorized into key areas for clarity:

Structural Measures

  • Building Design and Construction: Incorporating fire-resistant materials in building construction, such as gypsum board and fire-rated glass, can help slow the spread of flames5. Firewalls, fire doors, and compartmentalization barriers can further contain fires and limit their impact.
  • Emergency Exit Routes: Clearly marked and unobstructed emergency exit routes are essential for safe evacuation in case of a fire6. Exit signs should be illuminated and regularly tested to ensure visibility. Maintaining accessibility of these routes is crucial, ensuring they are free of clutter, tripping hazards, and any obstructions5.

Detection and Suppression Systems

  • Fire Detection Systems: Installing and maintaining advanced fire detection systems, including smoke detectors, heat detectors, and fire alarm systems, is crucial for early fire detection and prompt response5. Regular testing and inspection of these systems are essential to ensure their functionality.
  • Fire Suppression Systems: Automatic sprinkler systems, foam suppression systems, and gas-based suppression systems play a vital role in suppressing fires and minimizing damage5. These systems should be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure their effectiveness.

Safety Equipment and Signage

  • Fire Safety Equipment: Providing and maintaining fire safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and emergency lighting, is crucial for fire response and occupant safety7. This equipment should be readily accessible and regularly inspected. Clear signage indicating the location of fire extinguishers, fire alarm pull stations, and other equipment is essential7.

Maintenance and Inspections

  • Maintenance and Control of Ignition Sources: Regular maintenance and inspections of electrical systems, heating equipment, and cooking areas are essential to identify and address potential ignition sources6. Proper storage and handling of flammable materials are also crucial.

Fire Safety Checklists for CRE Buildings

Regular inspections are vital to ensure ongoing fire safety in CRE buildings. Fire safety checklists provide a systematic approach to identify and address potential hazards. Here are some examples of checklist items:

  • Fire Extinguishers: Check for the presence, accessibility, and proper charging of fire extinguishers8. Ensure they have been inspected within the past year by a licensed service company8.
  • Fire Alarm Systems: Verify the functionality of fire alarm systems, including smoke detectors and pull stations9. Check for proper signage and ensure alarms are audible throughout the building10.
  • Emergency Exits: Inspect emergency exits to ensure they are unlocked, unobstructed, and swing freely in the direction of exit travel10. Verify the presence and functionality of panic hardware10.
  • Sprinkler Systems: Check for proper sprinkler head clearance and ensure sprinkler valves are open and accessible9. Verify the presence of a system diagram and extra sprinkler heads9.
  • Fire Department Connections: Ensure fire department connections are clear, visible, and accessible9.

Evacuation Procedures for CRE Buildings

In the event of a fire, a well-defined evacuation plan is crucial for ensuring the safe and orderly evacuation of all occupants. Evacuation procedures should be tailored to the specific characteristics of the CRE building, considering factors such as building height, occupancy type, and potential hazards.

Evacuation Procedures for High-Rise CRE Buildings

High-rise buildings present unique challenges for evacuation due to their height and potential for large occupant populations. Evacuation procedures for high-rise CRE buildings should include:

  • Phased Evacuation: Evacuating occupants in phases, starting with those on the fire floor and floors immediately above and below, can help manage the flow of people and prevent overcrowding in stairwells11.
  • Stairwell Use: Stairwells are the primary means of egress in high-rise buildings11. Elevators should generally not be used during a fire evacuation, although there may be exceptions for individuals with disabilities who cannot use stairs11.
  • Communication Systems: Emergency voice communication systems can provide clear instructions and updates to occupants during an evacuation12.
  • Designated Assembly Areas: Identifying safe assembly areas outside the building where occupants can gather after evacuating is essential for accountability and communication13.

Evacuation Procedures for Low-Rise CRE Buildings

While low-rise buildings generally pose fewer evacuation challenges than high-rise buildings, a well-defined evacuation plan is still crucial. Evacuation procedures for low-rise CRE buildings should include:

  • Clear Exit Routes: Ensuring clear and unobstructed exit routes with well-marked exits is essential14.
  • Fire Drills: Conducting regular fire drills can familiarize occupants with evacuation procedures and identify potential bottlenecks or areas for improvement15.
  • Accessibility: Evacuation plans should consider the needs of individuals with disabilities and provide appropriate assistance or accommodations16.

Evacuation Procedures for CRE Buildings with Hazardous Materials

If hazardous materials are present in the CRE building, evacuation procedures should be adapted to address the specific risks involved. This may include:

  • Shelter-in-Place: In some cases, sheltering in place may be safer than evacuating, especially if the hazardous materials pose an immediate threat outside the building17.
  • Evacuation Routes: Evacuation routes should be planned to avoid areas where hazardous materials are stored or used18.
  • Personal Protective Equipment: Depending on the type of hazardous materials, occupants may need to use personal protective equipment during evacuation19.

Fire Extinguishers and Their Proper Use

Fire extinguishers are essential fire safety equipment in CRE properties. They can be used to extinguish small fires in their early stages, preventing them from spreading and causing significant damage. However, it is crucial to understand the different types of fire extinguishers and their appropriate uses.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are classified based on the type of fire they are designed to extinguish. The most common types include:

  • Class A: For ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, and cloth20.
  • Class B: For flammable liquids such as gasoline, oil, and grease20.
  • Class C: For electrical fires20.
  • Class D: For combustible metals21.
  • Class K: For kitchen fires involving cooking oils and fats20.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Using a fire extinguisher correctly is crucial for its effectiveness and personal safety. The acronym PASS can help remember the steps:

  • Pull the pin.
  • Aim low, pointing the nozzle at the base of the fire.
  • Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent.
  • Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it is extinguished22.

Fire Extinguisher Training Resources

Several resources are available to provide comprehensive training on fire extinguisher use, including:

  • Training Videos: Online videos can demonstrate the proper use of fire extinguishers and provide visual aids for better understanding23. Examples include videos from Amerex Fire, which demonstrate the use of various extinguisher types and recharging procedures24.
  • Hands-on Training: Practical training sessions allow individuals to practice using fire extinguishers in a controlled environment25. SafetyCare offers training DVDs and programs that cover extinguisher types, classifications, and hands-on use25.
  • Online Resources: Websites and online courses offer detailed information on fire extinguisher types, selection, and use24.

Creating and Delivering Effective Fire Safety Training Programs

Developing and delivering effective fire safety training programs is crucial for ensuring that CRE staff and tenants are equipped with the knowledge and skills to respond appropriately in fire emergencies. It's important to recognize that different types of CRE properties, such as high-rise offices, retail spaces, and warehouses, have unique fire hazards and require customized training programs26.

Creating a Fire Safety Training Program

When creating a fire safety training program, consider the following steps:

  • Conduct a Fire Risk Assessment: Identify potential fire hazards, ignition sources, and vulnerable areas in the CRE property26.
  • Develop a Customized Training Plan: Tailor the training program to address the specific risks and needs of the CRE property and its occupants26.
  • Incorporate Interactive Learning Activities: Use hands-on demonstrations, simulations, and group discussions to enhance engagement and knowledge retention27.
  • Provide Access to Resources: Offer access to training materials, videos, and online resources for ongoing learning and reinforcement27. This can include resources from organizations like the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA), which offers a variety of fire safety materials and educational programs28.
  • Appoint and Train Fire Wardens: Designate fire wardens or marshals to assist with evacuation procedures and provide guidance during emergencies26.

Delivering Effective Fire Safety Training

To deliver effective fire safety training, consider the following tips:

  • Use Clear and Concise Language: Avoid technical jargon and use simple language that is easy to understand27.
  • Tailor Content to the Audience: Consider the different roles and responsibilities of staff and tenants when delivering training27.
  • Use Visual Aids: Incorporate visual aids such as diagrams, videos, and presentations to enhance understanding and retention27.
  • Provide Regular Refresher Training: Conduct periodic refresher training to reinforce knowledge and skills27.
  • Encourage Questions and Feedback: Create an environment where participants feel comfortable asking questions and providing feedback29.
  • Utilize Technology: Leverage technology to enhance training effectiveness. Online resources, simulations, and interactive modules can improve engagement and knowledge retention26.

Fire Safety Training Best Practices

In addition to the steps outlined above, incorporating best practices can further enhance the effectiveness of fire safety training programs in CRE settings.

  • Collaboration with Fire Services: Partnering with local fire departments or fire safety organizations can provide valuable expertise and resources29. They can offer insights into local fire codes, conduct on-site training, and provide access to specialized equipment.
  • Comprehensive Training Materials: Develop comprehensive training materials that cover all aspects of fire safety, including prevention, evacuation, and extinguisher use30. These materials should be tailored to the specific needs of the CRE property and its occupants.
  • Regular Drills and Exercises: Conduct regular fire drills and evacuation exercises to reinforce training and identify areas for improvement31. These drills should involve all occupants and simulate realistic fire scenarios.
  • Emphasis on Prevention: Emphasize the importance of fire prevention in training programs32. This includes educating occupants about common fire hazards, proper use of equipment, and good housekeeping practices.
  • Continuous Improvement: Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of fire safety training programs and make adjustments as needed31. This can involve gathering feedback from participants, analyzing drill performance, and staying updated on fire safety best practices.

Legal Requirements for Fire Safety Training in CRE Settings

CRE property owners and managers must comply with relevant fire safety regulations and legal requirements, which may vary depending on the jurisdiction. These requirements may include:

  • OSHA Standards: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) provides guidelines and standards for fire safety training in the workplace31. This includes requirements for training employees on fire hazards, evacuation procedures, and the use of fire extinguishers33.
  • State and Local Regulations: State and local fire codes may specify fire safety training requirements for CRE properties34. For example, some states may have specific requirements for fire drills, fire alarm systems, and sprinkler systems35.
  • Building Codes: Building codes often include fire safety provisions that may mandate training for occupants36. These codes may specify requirements for exit signage, emergency lighting, and fire-resistant construction materials37.
  • Tenant Training: CRE property owners and managers also have a responsibility to ensure that tenants are adequately trained on fire safety procedures2. This includes providing tenants with information about evacuation plans, fire alarm systems, and fire extinguisher locations38.

Case Studies of Successful Fire Safety Training Programs

Examining case studies of successful fire safety training programs in CRE settings can provide valuable insights and demonstrate the benefits of effective training.

  • Improved Awareness and Self-Efficacy: A study conducted in nursing homes found that advanced fire safety training, which included fire science concepts and comprehensive instruction on duties and responsibilities, significantly improved staff awareness and self-efficacy in fire prevention and emergency response39.
  • Construction Site Fire Prevention: In one case study, an off-duty firefighter conducting fire watch services at a construction site detected smoke emanating from a storage area. Due to his training and vigilance, he was able to activate the fire alarm, initiate evacuation procedures, and notify the fire department, preventing significant damage and ensuring the safety of workers40.
  • Model Programs: The Vision 20/20 project has documented various model fire safety programs that have demonstrated a positive impact in their communities41. These programs include risk assessment tools, smoke alarm campaigns, and community risk-based inspection and enforcement programs.

Conclusion

Fire safety training is a critical investment for CRE property owners and managers. By providing comprehensive training on fire prevention, evacuation procedures, and fire extinguisher use, CRE stakeholders can create a safer environment, protect lives, and minimize property damage. Implementing a robust fire safety training program demonstrates a commitment to occupant safety and business continuity1.

It is essential for CRE stakeholders to:

  • Conduct thorough fire risk assessments to identify potential hazards and tailor training programs accordingly.
  • Develop comprehensive training programs that incorporate interactive learning activities, visual aids, and regular refresher training.
  • Collaborate with fire safety professionals and utilize available resources to enhance training effectiveness.
  • Comply with all relevant fire safety regulations and legal requirements, including OSHA standards, state and local codes, and building codes.
  • Ensure that tenants are adequately trained on fire safety procedures and have access to necessary information and resources.

By prioritizing fire safety training and implementing the recommendations outlined in this report, CRE stakeholders can create a culture of safety and preparedness, ensuring the well-being of occupants and the long-term success of their properties.

Works cited

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