The increase in active shooter incidents in recent years has necessitated a critical examination of response strategies to mitigate harm and protect potential victims. This article delves into the history and evolution of active shooter response strategies, analyzing the effectiveness of various lockdown procedures, technologies, and training programs. It also explores the role of law enforcement and investigates the psychological impact of active shooter drills on students and staff.
The history of active shooter incidents in the United States reveals a concerning trend of increasing frequency and severity. Data suggests a rise in active shooter incidents, with 61 incidents recorded in 2021, compared to 40 in 2020 and 30 in 2018 and 20191. This trend underscores the urgent need for effective response strategies, especially considering the increase in mass killings observed in 2023, with 15 active shooter incidents classified as "mass killings." 2
Examining the distribution of active shooter incidents across educational levels reveals a concerning vulnerability of high schools, which account for 59% of such incidents between 1999 and 2022. Middle schools, junior high, or combined 6-12 schools follow with 21%, while elementary schools represent 14% of the incidents3. This data highlights the need for tailored response strategies that consider the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different educational environments.
Initially, active shooter response primarily focused on law enforcement intervention4. Traditional strategies involved establishing a perimeter and waiting for specialized units like SWAT teams to arrive and neutralize the threat. However, the Columbine High School massacre in 1999 marked a turning point in active shooter response4. The incident highlighted the limitations of a delayed response, leading to a shift towards more immediate action by first responders4.
Several after-action reports provide valuable insights into past incidents and response strategies. The Critical Incident Review of the Orlando Nightclub Attack, the Arapahoe High School Shooting Report, and the Sandy Hook Advisory Commission Final Report, among others, offer detailed analyses of specific incidents, including the response of law enforcement, emergency medical services, and the community5. These reports often include recommendations for improving preparedness, response, and recovery efforts in future incidents.
Post-Columbine, active shooter response strategies evolved to prioritize rapid intervention and immediate action by first responders4. This shift involved training patrol officers to quickly engage the shooter, minimizing casualties. The focus moved from perimeter containment to active confrontation, recognizing the urgency of neutralizing the threat to save lives6.
Furthermore, there has been a growing emphasis on integrated response training involving police, fire, and emergency medical services (EMS)6. This approach aims to provide faster medical assistance to victims, even before the shooter is apprehended. In some cases, this involves allowing EMS workers to enter "warm zones" before complete safety is ensured, recognizing the critical need to provide immediate medical care to the injured.
Lockdown procedures are a crucial aspect of active shooter response. Traditional lockdown procedures typically involve securing classrooms or workspaces by locking doors, turning off lights, and remaining silent7. While lockdowns can offer a degree of protection, their effectiveness has been debated, and different types of lockdown procedures have emerged to address various threat scenarios.
Most campuses employ different categories of lockdown procedures, including:
The implementation of lockdown procedures often involves specific types of locks and door hardware. One common type is the office entry lock, which allows anyone inside the classroom to lock the door10. While this offers a quick and accessible locking mechanism, it also has limitations, such as the possibility of unruly students locking teachers or staff out of the classroom.
Research suggests that lockdowns can reduce casualties during mass shootings11. A study by the Regional Gun Violence Research Consortium found that lockdowns resulted in 59% fewer total casualties and 79% fewer fatalities11. However, other studies indicate that traditional lockdowns may not be sufficient, as shooters can sometimes breach locked doors or windows12. This highlights the need for enhanced lockdown procedures and technologies to improve safety.
To enhance lockdown procedures, various technologies have been developed:
|
Technology |
Function |
Potential Benefits |
|---|---|---|
|
Door Barricades |
Provide a physical barrier to prevent forced entry. |
Increased security, delay or deter entry, buy time for response. |
|
Gunshot Detection Systems |
Use acoustic sensors to detect gunshots and alert law enforcement in real-time. |
Faster response times, improved situational awareness, potential for early intervention. |
|
Access Control Systems |
Enable authorized personnel to initiate lockdowns remotely through mobile apps or swipe cards. |
Immediate response capabilities, targeted lockdowns for specific areas, integration with mass notification systems. |
Examples of door barricades include the Anchorman and Bolo Stick, which are designed to withstand significant force and can be quickly deployed13. When considering door barricades, it's crucial to address doors with windows by providing coverings to obstruct the shooter's view into the classroom15. This adds an extra layer of security and prevents potential targeting of individuals inside.
Gunshot detection systems, such as ShotSpotter, utilize acoustic sensors to detect gunshots and alert law enforcement16. While these systems offer valuable real-time information, it's important to acknowledge their limitations. For instance, they may not be able to detect shots fired indoors or those blocked by obstructions16.
Access control systems provide a technological solution for initiating lockdowns quickly and efficiently17. These systems can be integrated with mass notification systems to improve communication during emergencies, ensuring that relevant information reaches the appropriate individuals promptly.
In addition to lockdown procedures, various training programs have been developed to prepare individuals for active shooter situations. Two prominent programs are ALICE and Run Hide Fight:
The role of campus police and local law enforcement is critical in active shooter response. Their primary objective is to neutralize the shooter and secure the area25. Law enforcement officers are trained to proceed immediately to the location of the threat and engage the shooter27.
Effective communication and coordination between campus police and local law enforcement are essential for a successful response28. This includes establishing clear protocols for communication, resource allocation, and victim assistance. For instance, according to a University's policy, various stakeholders play specific roles in an active shooter response:
In addition to armed officers, unarmed officers also play a crucial role in active shooter response26. They can facilitate evacuation, locate hiding places, and direct people to safety. This highlights the importance of a coordinated response involving all law enforcement personnel to maximize effectiveness and minimize harm.
It's also important to recognize the potential for panic during emergencies and the need for individuals to have a plan and follow instructions from law enforcement23. Clear communication and decisive action by law enforcement can help to maintain order and ensure the safety of those involved.
While active shooter drills are intended to prepare students and staff for emergencies, they can have a psychological impact. Research suggests that these drills can increase anxiety, depression, and physiological health problems in some individuals29.
A study by Everytown for Gun Safety and Georgia Tech found that active shooter drills were associated with a 42% increase in stress and anxiety, a 39% increase in depression, and a 23% increase in physiological health problems29. These findings highlight the need for trauma-informed approaches to conducting drills and providing support to those affected29.
Furthermore, active shooter drills may have a detrimental effect on students' desire to go to school, potentially increasing fear and avoidance behaviors30. This underscores the importance of carefully considering the potential negative consequences of these drills and implementing strategies to mitigate any adverse effects on students' well-being.
The impact of active shooter drills can vary depending on the age of the students. High school communities tend to experience the highest increase in stress and anxiety following drills, while middle school students, parents, and teachers experience the greatest increase in depression31. These age-related differences highlight the need for tailored approaches to drills that consider the developmental needs and emotional vulnerabilities of different age groups.
It's also crucial to acknowledge the potential for active shooter drills to inflate perceptions of risk and decrease perceptions of school safety32. This can create a sense of fear and anxiety that persists even after the drill is over, potentially undermining the intended benefits of preparedness.
Active shooter response strategies have evolved significantly over time, moving from a passive, law enforcement-centric approach to a more proactive and integrated response involving individuals, technology, and law enforcement. While lockdown procedures remain a crucial element, training programs like ALICE and Run Hide Fight offer alternative strategies to enhance survivability. The role of law enforcement is critical in neutralizing the threat and securing the area. However, it is essential to consider the potential psychological impact of active shooter drills and implement trauma-informed approaches to minimize harm.
A balanced approach to active shooter response is crucial, considering both the physical and psychological safety of individuals. This involves not only implementing effective lockdown procedures and training programs but also addressing the potential negative consequences of drills and providing support to those affected.
Ongoing research and evaluation are essential to adapt response strategies to evolving threats and challenges. The dynamic nature of active shooter incidents requires continuous learning and improvement to ensure that response strategies remain effective and relevant.
Furthermore, community-based solutions and preventative measures play a vital role in addressing the root causes of violence29. This includes promoting mental health awareness, fostering positive school climates, and implementing early intervention programs to identify and support individuals at risk. By addressing the underlying factors that contribute to violence, we can create safer and more supportive environments for everyone.